{"id":2628,"date":"2014-04-28T13:30:35","date_gmt":"2014-04-28T11:30:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.slsa.ch\/?page_id=2628"},"modified":"2024-10-09T10:46:20","modified_gmt":"2024-10-09T08:46:20","slug":"palmyra-archaeological-project-in-syria","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/slsa.ch\/en\/projects\/current-projects\/palmyra-archaeological-project-in-syria\/","title":{"rendered":"Palmyra: Archaeological project in Syria"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” top_padding=”45″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][heading]Palmyre<\/p>\n

Projet arch\u00e9ologique en Syrie<\/h4>\n[\/heading][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”full_width_background” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” bottom_padding=”40″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][nectar_gmap map_type=”leaflet” zoom=”8″ marker_style=”default” color=”accent-color” marker_image=”1366″ marker_animation=”1″ size=”450″ map_center_lat=”34.563441″ map_center_lng=”38.269200″ map_markers=”34.563441|38.269200|SLSA in Palmyra”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” top_padding=”10″ bottom_padding=”0″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text]R\u00e9sultats de la campagne 2010
\n<\/strong>L\u2019objectif des travaux \u00e0 Palmyre \u00e9tait de terminer le relev\u00e9 d\u00e9taill\u00e9 de la grande mosqu\u00e9e du centre de la ville et de l\u2019\u00e9difice d\u2019\u00e9poque s\u00e9v\u00e9rienne qui l\u2019a pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e (le dit Caesareum<\/em>), ainsi que de continuer des sondages ponctuels pour assurer la chronologie des monuments qui avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9gag\u00e9s dans les ann\u00e9es 1960 par la Direction G\u00e9n\u00e9rale des Antiquit\u00e9s et Mus\u00e9es de Syrie. La grande mosqu\u00e9e n\u2019a pas encore \u00e9t\u00e9 dat\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re satisfaisante, mais il est vraisemblable qu\u2019elle remonte \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque omeyyade. Le relev\u00e9 d\u00e9taill\u00e9 des plans des deux monuments successifs a \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9 au cours de la campagne. Un nouveau sondage a \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9 dans la salle de pri\u00e8re de la petite mosqu\u00e9e d\u00e9couverte en 2008 \u00e0 l\u2019angle sud-est de la grande (Fig. 1). Il a permis de dater construction autour du XIIIe si\u00e8cle de notre \u00e8re et d\u2019assurer ainsi la permanence d\u2019un lieux de culte musulman au centre de la ville antique au cours d\u2019une p\u00e9riode beaucoup plus longue qu\u2019envisag\u00e9e pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment.<\/p>\n

R\u00e9sultats de la campagne 2009<\/strong>
\nLes travaux de la mission arch\u00e9ologique syro-suisse de Palmyre, \u00e9galement dirig\u00e9e par Denis Genequand et Walid al-As\u2018ad, se sont d\u00e9roul\u00e9s entre le 7 et le 19 juin 2009 avec une \u00e9quipe de trois collaborateurs et dix ouvriers. Il s\u2019est agi de continuer le relev\u00e9 architectural de la mosqu\u00e9e du centre de Palmyre et de l\u2019\u00e9difice romain qui l\u2019a pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e, ainsi que de mener une s\u00e9rie de sondages limit\u00e9s afin de pr\u00e9ciser la datation des deux monuments.<\/p>\n

Le relev\u00e9 architectural et l\u2019analyse qui va avec sont maintenant bien avanc\u00e9s et il ne reste que deux zones, \u00e0 l\u2019ouest et \u00e0 l\u2019est de la mosqu\u00e9e, \u00e0 traiter. Trois sondages ont \u00e9t\u00e9 effectu\u00e9s, l\u2019un sur l\u2019arri\u00e8re du mur de la qibla<\/em> et deux autres contre le mur int\u00e9rieur ouest de la mosqu\u00e9e. Tous trois ont permis de mettre en \u00e9vidence un remblai artificiel li\u00e9 \u00e0 la construction de la mosqu\u00e9e, mais il ne contient pas de mobilier datant pertinent pour l\u2019\u00e9poque islamique. L\u2019absence de mat\u00e9riel post\u00e9rieur \u00e0 l\u2019Antiquit\u00e9 tardive est plut\u00f4t un indice d\u2019une datation haute \u2013 omeyyade \u2013 de la mosqu\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

Quelques constructions remontant \u00e0 la fin de l\u2019\u00e9poque romaine et \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque protobyzantine ont par contre \u00e9t\u00e9 mises au jour \u00e0 l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur de l\u2019angle sud-ouest du monument romain et renseignent sur son utilisation durant l\u2019Antiquit\u00e9 tardive. Il appara\u00eet clairement maintenant que le seul moyen d\u2019obtenir des donn\u00e9es stratigraphiques et une datation fiable pour la mosqu\u00e9e sera de fouiller \u00e0 l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur vers son angle nord-ouest, zone qui n\u2019a jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 touch\u00e9e par les travaux et d\u00e9gagements ant\u00e9rieurs. Il est important de disposer de cette datation pour attester sans ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 d\u2019une \u00e9tape de transformation majeure de la trame urbaine de Palmyre entre la fin de l\u2019Antiquit\u00e9 et les d\u00e9buts de l\u2019Islam.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left” row_position=”default” row_position_tablet=”inherit” row_position_phone=”inherit” overflow=”visible” pointer_events=”all”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” overflow=”visible” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/4″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” overflow=”visible” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”3\/4″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text]Kontakt:<\/strong>
\nDr. Denis Genequand, Projektleiter
\nService cantonal d’arch\u00e9ologie
\n4, Rue du Puits-St-Pierre
\n1204 Gen\u00e8ve<\/p>\n

dgenequand@yahoo.fr<\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”20″][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left” row_position=”default” row_position_tablet=”inherit” row_position_phone=”inherit” overflow=”visible” pointer_events=”all”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” overflow=”visible” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/4″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” overflow=”visible” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”3\/4″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text]PDF 2010<\/a>
\nPDF 2009<\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/4″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][image_with_animation image_url=”5017″ image_size=”full” animation_type=”entrance” animation=”Fade In” animation_easing=”default” animation_movement_type=”transform_y” hover_animation=”none” alignment=”” border_radius=”none” box_shadow=”none” image_loading=”default” max_width=”100%” max_width_mobile=”default”][vc_column_text]Fig. 1: Vue du mur de la qibla de la petite mosqu\u00e9e d\u00e9gag\u00e9 en 2010.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/4″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][image_with_animation image_url=”5018″ image_size=”full” animation_type=”entrance” animation=”Fade In” animation_easing=”default” animation_movement_type=”transform_y” hover_animation=”none” alignment=”” border_radius=”none” box_shadow=”none” image_loading=”default” max_width=”100%” max_width_mobile=”default”][vc_column_text]Vue de l\u2019\u00e9difice romain transform\u00e9 en mosqu\u00e9e; le mur de la qibla et les sondages se trouvent en arri\u00e8re des cinq colonnes cannel\u00e9es bordant la cour dal\u00e9e (photo Denis Genequand).[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/4″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][image_with_animation image_url=”5020″ image_size=”full” animation_type=”entrance” animation=”Fade In” animation_easing=”default” animation_movement_type=”transform_y” hover_animation=”none” alignment=”” border_radius=”none” box_shadow=”none” image_loading=”default” max_width=”100%” max_width_mobile=”default”][vc_column_text]Vue du sondage effectu\u00e9 au sud du mur de la qibla; ce dernier est enti\u00e8rement constitu\u00e9 de blocs de remploi (photo Denis Genequand).[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/4″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][image_with_animation image_url=”5021″ image_size=”full” animation_type=”entrance” animation=”Fade In” animation_easing=”default” animation_movement_type=”transform_y” hover_animation=”none” alignment=”” border_radius=”none” box_shadow=”none” image_loading=”default” max_width=”100%” max_width_mobile=”default”][vc_column_text]Vue de la mosqu\u00e9e du centre de Palmyre.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” top_padding=”10″ bottom_padding=”50″ text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text]Premiers travaux \u00e0 Palmyre en 2008<\/strong>
\nLes travaux men\u00e9s \u00e0 Palmyre avaient pour but de documenter architecturalement la mosqu\u00e9e du centre ville \u2013 d\u00e9gag\u00e9es dans les ann\u00e9es 1960 et datant tr\u00e8s vraisemblablement de l\u2019\u00e9poque omeyyade \u2013 et de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un sondage afin de pr\u00e9ciser sa datation.<\/p>\n

Des nettoyages ont \u00e9t\u00e9 entrepris dans sa partie orientale et sud et un relev\u00e9 d\u00e9taill\u00e9 des ma\u00e7onneries a \u00e9t\u00e9 effectu\u00e9 (mur de qibla<\/em>, mihrab<\/em> et mur oriental). Un sondage a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 fait \u00e0 l\u2019arri\u00e8re du mur de qibla<\/em>, dans une des zones qui n\u2019avait pas \u00e9t\u00e9 fouill\u00e9e dans les ann\u00e9es 1960. Il a permis de mettre au jour les vestiges d\u2019une seconde mosqu\u00e9e, beaucoup plus petite et de plan rectangulaire. Sa fa\u00e7ade nord est align\u00e9e dans l\u2019axe du mur de qibla<\/em> de la grande mosqu\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

Si les travaux de cette campagne ont permis de faire de grands progr\u00e8s dans la compr\u00e9hension architecturale de cet ensemble religieux, les probl\u00e8mes de chronologie absolue n\u2019ont pas pu \u00eatre r\u00e9gl\u00e9. Le sondage, malgr\u00e9 une stratigraphie tr\u00e8s claire et des niveaux scell\u00e9s, n\u2019a fourni que du mobilier (c\u00e9ramique et verre) d\u2019\u00e9poque romaine et byzantine. La chronologie entre les deux mosqu\u00e9es, dont les ma\u00e7onneries ne sont pas en contact direct, ne peut pas non plus \u00eatre \u00e9tablie de mani\u00e8re certaine pour le moment. La poursuite de cette \u00e9tude devrait toutefois permettre des r\u00e9gler les probl\u00e8mes de chronologie et de terminer le relev\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00e9difice.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][image_with_animation image_url=”5022″ image_size=”full” animation_type=”entrance” animation=”Fade In” animation_easing=”default” animation_movement_type=”transform_y” hover_animation=”none” alignment=”” border_radius=”none” box_shadow=”none” image_loading=”default” max_width=”100%” max_width_mobile=”default”][vc_column_text]Vue de la petite mosqu\u00e9e au sud-est de la grande.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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